indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible