year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
serving concurrently as; holding the additional post of
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
Former Han dynasty (China, 206 BCE-9 CE); Western Han dynasty
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Wu (Chinese emperor); Butei
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
thirteen; 13; king (playing card)
establishment; institution; installation (of a machine or equipment)
at the same time as; while; as well as (multiple roles)
part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
babysitting; babysitter; protecting; keeping; keeper
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
injustice; unfairness; wrongdoing; iniquity; impropriety; irregularity
to manage; to control; to supervise; to crack down on; to keep under strict control; to enforce
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
retainer's stipend; official pay; salary
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
counter for jewels in a watch; counter for transistors, diodes, etc. in an electronic product
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
to face (each other); to be facing; to be directed toward (the future, etc.); to be in response to; to receive (a client, etc.); to compare with
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
power; authority; jurisdiction
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in reality; to tell the truth
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence