indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
to be born again; to make a fresh start in life
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
prefecture (Japan); county (China, Taiwan, Norway, etc.); department (France); province (Italy, Spain, etc.)
tribe; clan; (taxonomical) tribe; group (of the periodic table)
Qiang (Chinese ethnic group)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial