indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
slope; incline; hill; milestone; (age) mark
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
metre; meter; meter; gauge
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one breath; time of one breath; pause; break; (doing in) one go; doing without stopping
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
fall; drop; descent; coming down
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
meteor; shooting star; falling star
to become; to appear like; to have a touch of; to look like
what street? (esp. in Kyoto and Sapporo); what article? (in a law); (arch.) how can?; (arch.) cannot possibly
firing in rapid succession; volley of shots
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
unmatched (unparalleled) accuracy
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
high-speed; rapid; express; highway; freeway; expressway
to shoot through something (wall, body, etc.); to pierce (e.g. with an arrow or a look)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color; bank
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
certain; unmistaken; evident; obvious; beyond doubt
by means of; due to; because of; according to
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
presumptuous; impertinent; impudent; ridiculous; laughable; absurd