indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
wintry sky; cold weather (in winter); wintry weather
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
older employee who does not have much actual work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
only; merely; but; no more than
lovely; wonderful; nice; great; fantastic; superb
to wrap up; to pack; to cover; to envelop; to conceal (a feeling); to hide
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
diamond dust; ice crystals
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
opportunity; chance; folding; fold; small food box (wooden or cardboard); folding in ... (two, three, etc.); counter for folded items
suffix for familiar person
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't you think?; indicates question
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
even if; even though; even; too; whether ... or ...; no matter (what, where, who, etc.)