indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
dweller; inhabitant; resident; user (of a website)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of