indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
gap; space; break; interlude; chink (in one's armor, armour); chance
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
email; mail (usu. in compound words); post; message (sent over a chat application); instant message; male
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
feelings; thoughts; meaning
thin rice porridge; watery cooked rice; rice gruel; breakfast (in Zen temples)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; background; behind the scenes
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to go by; to cross; to pass by; to flash across
drinking (sometimes esp. alcohol); drink; drinking party
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
wife; bride; (one's) daughter-in-law
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed