indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
expectation; anticipation; hope; promising; rising; up-and-coming
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to rise; to swell; to be promoted
spring break; spring vacation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
city centre (center) (esp. capital city); urban centre; heart of city a metropolis
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to shake; to jolt; to rock (cradle); to swing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
overseas assignment; overseas posting
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become skilled in; to become experienced at; to become tame; to become domesticated
foreign; abroad; overseas
to take someone (to some place); to take someone along; to lead someone away
than; from; out of; except; but; more
intimacy; friendship; familiarity
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen