indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
fort; fortress; stronghold; fortification
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
last stand; last bastion; last stronghold; last frontier
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
of course; certainly; naturally
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to carry on one's back; to be burdened with; to take responsibility for; to have (something) in the background; to be in front (of something); to be conceited
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to fan (oneself, flames, etc.); to flap (in the wind); to instigate; to stir up; to drive up prices (by buying a large amount of something); to take a photo from a low angle; to tailgate
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
end; finish; bounds; limits; delivery date (of a futures contract); finale (of a noh song); end of an act (in jōruri or kabuki)
light (of movements); nimble; light-hearted; cheerful; taking a turn for the better (of an illness); receding of symptoms
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
at one's feet; underfoot; gait; pace; most recent; current
to break; to be broken; to be folded; to give in; to back down; to turn (a corner)
branch; bough; limb; twig; sprig; spray
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
just now; a moment ago; this very minute
to trample; to crush underfoot
insect; bug; worm; roundworm; one's emotions; one's feelings; nervousness
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to bear a grudge against; to resent; to blame; to curse; to feel bitter towards
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't you think?; indicates question