indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
function; facility; faculty; feature
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
possible; potential; practicable; feasible
establishment; creation; posing (a problem); options setting; preference settings; configuration
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
choices; alternatives; options
screen (of a TV, computer, etc.); image (on a screen); picture; surface of a painting (picture, drawing, etc.)
indication; expression; display; displaying; representation; (copyright) attribution
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
please (give me); please (do for me)
by the way; in this connection; incidentally; in passing
menu; schedule; program; (computer) menu
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)