signal; signalling; signaling; traffic light; traffic signal
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
backward flow; backflow; countercurrent; reflux; regurgitation
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to the end; to the bitter end; to the last; after all; it must be remembered; only
guess; speculation; supposition
region; limits; stage; level
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
wherein; therein; thereinto; among which
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to sit (down); to have a seat; to be seated; to assume (a position); to take on (a duty); to occupy (a post)
above; over; top; summit; surface; on (top of); the above (in a piece of writing)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
again; once more; a second time
confluence (of rivers); flowing together; joining; joining (of people, groups, parties, etc.); union; linking up
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
meeting place; rendezvous (point); roll-call (assembly) point; appointed (designated) place
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
to choose; to select; to pick (out)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
order (for an item); request; demand; condition
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
on the contrary; rather; instead; all the more
to be conspicuous; to stand out
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
safe (e.g. choice); secure; innocuous; acceptable; passable; satisfactory
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity