attention; notice; care; caution; advice; warning
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
woman; female; feminine gender
one face; one surface; the whole surface; one aspect; one side; (on) the other hand; one broad, flat object
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
overnight stay; stopover; inn; hotel; anchorage; night duty
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
time; hour; period; class
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
excuse me for disturbing (interrupting) you; greeting used when entering someone's home