father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to say enough (as much as required); to say plenty; to say well; to say cleverly; to say often; to say frequently
another person; other people; unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood); outsider; stranger
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to nod; to bow one's head in assent; to agree
though; although; notwithstanding; while; as; at the same time as
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to incline one's head to the side (in doubt); to tilt one's head to the side (in confusion); to be puzzled
because; the reason is; if you want to know why
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
for oneself; for one's own sake; on one's own account
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
respect; esteem; reverence; honour; honor
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
mistake; error; accident; mishap; improper conduct (e.g. between man and woman); indiscretion
have to (do, be); must (do, be); is indispensable; is absolutely necessary
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
first and second; A and B; superiority and (or) inferiority; distinction (in quality); discernment
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally