after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to break; to be broken; to be folded; to give in; to back down; to turn (a corner)
by (means of); by doing; due to; via; through
school festival; campus festival
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
holding (a conference, exhibition, etc.); opening; hosting (e.g. the Olympics)
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
as a matter of fact; actually; effectively; in reality; in effect
enclosing wall; boundary fence; obstacle; barrier
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
approval; adoption (of a motion, bill, etc.); passage
opposition; resistance; antagonism; reverse; opposite; inverse
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
claim; insistence; assertion; advocacy; emphasis; contention
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be considered; be deemed; be thought to be
head of the student council; president of the student council
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
to be handed down; to be introduced; to be transmitted; to be circulated; to go along; to walk along
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
easily; readily; quickly; lightly (seasoned food, applied make-up, etc.); plainly; simply
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
acknowledgement; acknowledgment; understanding (e.g. "please be understanding of the mess during our renovation"); noting; acceptance
seal (used in lieu of a signature); stamp; chop
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
really; very; extremely; (not) anything; (not) at all; (not) a bit
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the facts; the truth; the true state of affairs; in truth; in fact; in reality
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
interest (in something); curiosity (about something); zest (for)