this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
surrounding countries; neighboring countries; neighbouring countries
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
October; tenth month of the lunar calendar
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
military campaign; battle; war
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
war; fighting; fierce competition
outbreak (e.g. of war); outburst; sudden occurrence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
second day of the month; two days
to see; to witness; to observe; to catch sight of; to get a glimpse of; to encounter
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)