indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
horizontal (as opposed to vertical); lying down; side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; side (of a box, etc.); beside
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
thin; pale; light; watery; thin; weak (taste, etc.); little (affection, etc.) not much (of a presence)
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
door (Western-style, car, etc.)