indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
please (give me); please (do for me)
connection; attachment; changing trains; conjunction
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
registration; accession; register; entry; record
preservation; conservation; storage; saving (e.g. to disk)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
establishment; creation; posing (a problem); options setting; preference settings; configuration
substance; real form; main part; main unit; this machine; this appliance; object of worship (at a shrine, temple, etc.)
recipe; prescription (medical); how-to guide (e.g. crafts)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to be found; to be discovered
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
selection; choice; option
exchange; interchange; switching; reciprocity; barter; substitution
correspondence; communication; transmission; news; signal; telecommunications
cutting; severance; section; amputation; disconnection
renewal; update; innovation; improvement
errand; mission; messenger; bearer; familiar spirit
deck (e.g. ship, tape, cassette, observation, train vestibule)
connection setup, initialization
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")