indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
honorific/polite/humble prefix
myself; yourself; I; me; you
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
name; given name; first name
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix