indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
field of vision; visibility; view; visual field; (one's) ken
flour; meal; powder; dust
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
to distract one's attention
bell (often a large hanging bell); chime
crane (any bird of the family Gruidae, esp. the red-crowned crane, Grus japonensis)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to be found; to be discovered
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
drumming (noise); beating; rapidly; quickly; continuously; one after the other
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
narrow; confined; small; limited; narrow-minded; confining
target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.)
to attempt; to test; to try out
to throw; to hurl; to give up; to abandon; to cast (a glance, shadow, doubt, etc.)
selection; choice; option
second (unit of time); arc second