indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
to be found; to be discovered
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
to collect; to assemble; to gather
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
drumming (noise); beating; rapidly; quickly; continuously; one after the other
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
narrow; confined; small; limited; narrow-minded; confining
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all