indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
to gather; to collect; to assemble
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)