indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
taking (a suspect to the police); dragging (someone) away
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
camping; campground; making camp
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
life and death; life or death; samsara (cycle of death and rebirth); death
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
to take (someone) out (for a walk, to lunch, etc.); to entice out; to lure away
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
wood; woods; forest; bunch (of something); cluster; line
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to catch; to capture; to grasp (e.g. meaning); to perceive; to captivate; to move (one's heart)
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to use (a brush, chopsticks, etc.); to move
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
same; similar; (just) like; equal
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (of a book); (one) complete set (of books)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to be caught; to be arrested; to hold on to; to grasp; to find (e.g. proof); to get (e.g. a taxi)