indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
taking (a suspect to the police); dragging (someone) away
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
camping; campground; making camp
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
life and death; samsara (cycle of death and rebirth); death
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
to take (someone) out (for a walk, to lunch, etc.); to entice out; to lure away
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
wood; woods; forest; bunch (of something); cluster; line
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to catch; to capture; to grasp (e.g. meaning); to perceive; to captivate; to move (one's heart)
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
same; similar; (just) like; equal
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to be caught; to be arrested; to hold on to; to grasp; to find (e.g. proof); to get (e.g. a taxi)