indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
chōnin (Edo-period social class of town-dwelling commoners, esp. landowning merchants); townspeople; townsfolk; tradespeople
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
operation; management; handling; manipulating (to one's benefit); manipulation; influencing
rescue; extricate; reclaim; deliverance
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to restrict; to limit; to be restricted to; to be limited to; to be best (for); to be the best plan
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
in the same way as; just like
art; technique; means; way; trick; trap
to be added to; to be appended; to join in (e.g. a group of friends); to participate; to increase (e.g. heat); to gain in (e.g. influence)
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
action; movements; motions; bearing; behaviour; behavior
character; personality; (fictional) character; letter; character
to defend oneself; to protect oneself
questioning; interrogation; examination (of a witness)
the country; countryside; rural districts; cultivated land; fields
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that