indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
to gather; to collect; to assemble
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear
attention; notice; care; caution; advice; warning
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
to restrict; to limit; to be restricted to; to be limited to; to be best (for); to be the best plan
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
to take back; to regain; to get back; to recover
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
release; unleashing; liberation; deallocation (of computer memory)
to step on; to tread on; to set foot on (e.g. foreign soil); to stand on; to experience; to undergo; to follow (rules, principles, etc.)
in the same way as; just like
art; technique; means; way; trick; trap
goal; target; aim; mark; sign; landmark