indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
extent; scope; sphere; range; span
meeting up; gathering; assembly; set
visual confirmation; sighting
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to be found; to be discovered
light; well-lit; bright (of a colour); brightly-coloured; cheerful; bright; encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
duty; function; office; mission; task
going around; patrol; round; tour
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
attention; notice; care; caution; advice; warning
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)