indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
while; during; while; although; all; both
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
to be found; to be discovered
to gather; to collect; to assemble
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
consultation; discussion; discussing; asking (somebody) for advice
light; well-lit; bright (of a colour); brightly-coloured; cheerful; bright; encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.)
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)