Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
early (days); initial stage; initial
century; hundred years; (fig.) a long time
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
by means of; due to; because of; according to
one long straight object (e.g. strand of hair, beam of light, wisp of smoke); a single bloodline; earnest; resolute; (arch.) ordinary; (arch.) common
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
fort; stronghold; fortification
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
resistance; opposition; reluctance; repulsion; resistance; drag
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to reach; to amount to; to be up to the task; to come up to; to compare with; to be a match (for)
siege; encirclement; envelopment; surrounding; besiegement
war; battle; match; game; competition
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
just one person; only one
squirrel's foot fern (Davallia mariesii); Lepisorus thunbergianus (species of fern); color of clothing layers under one's overcoat (light green on blue); ancient women's hairstyle; clothing patterned using squirrel's foot fern
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
orders; instructions; directive; command
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be found; to be discovered
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
trouble; bother; trouble; difficulty; care; attention
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)