indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
intercept; interception; counter-attack
force; unit; corps; squad; troops; party
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to repel; to drive away; to repulse; to reject
surfacing; rising to the surface; emerging; leaping into prominence; rising (of rank)
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
to cling to; to hold on to; to grapple; to set about doing; to begin; to take hold of
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
distance across; diameter
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
establishing; proving; ascertaining; identifying; confirming
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
some; any; in any way; of some kind; of some sort
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
by means of; due to; because of; according to
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
fall; crash (e.g. aircraft)
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
heavenly body; celestial body; astronomical object