indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to face; to go towards; to head towards
people; men and women; each person; everybody
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to feel around for; to fumble for; to investigate; to probe into; to explore (parts unknown); to enjoy (natural beauty)
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
sewer; sewer system; sewerage; drain
exit; gateway; way out; outlet; vent; leak
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
letter; missive; note; mail
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
dear (old); fondly-remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't you think?; indicates question
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
given that ... it is only natural that ...; ... being the case, it is unavoidable that ...; (precisely) because ...; contrary to expectations ...
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire