indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
simple substance (e.g. chemical); something standing alone; separate item; solo item
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides with; supporting; standing by
grant; allowance; endowment; bestowal; assignment; conferment
attribute; property; context; character class, type, fetish, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
by means of; due to; because of; according to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
increasing; uploading; posting (e.g. content); close-up; finishing shooting (of a film, etc.); upswept hairstyle; being up (i.e. leading in sports)
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
probability; likelihood; chances
strength; power; proficiency; ability
defense; defence; safeguard; protection
laws of nature; physical laws; physics
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
going down; fall; knocking down (in boxing); flooring; being out of action (due to illness, exhaustion, etc.); being down (e.g. with a cold); going down (of a computer system, server, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
restoration; rehabilitation; recovery; recovery (from an illness); recuperation; convalescence
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
pursuit (of a fleeing enemy); chase
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
speed; velocity; pace; velocity
short sword; dagger; stiletto; hour hand (of a clock)
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
lightning; thunder; god of thunder; god of lightning; anger; fit of anger