indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
by means of; due to; because of; according to
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)