indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement