indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to dig out; to gouge out; to scoop; to ladle; to jerk (one's chin)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to set one's mind on doing; to get the idea of doing; to make up one's mind
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
long time; long interval; for quite some time
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
when it becomes; when it comes to
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
consent; assent; agreement; understanding; comprehension; grasp
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
in appearance; to look at; judging from appearances
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
of course; certainly; naturally
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
river; stream; River; the ... river
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
to ascertain; to check; to make sure
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen