indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
height; stature; length (esp. of clothing); all (one has); everything; magnificence (of a waka poem, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice