indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to tower over the surroundings
(made of) stone; stone-built
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to look out over; to survey (scene); to take an extensive view of
last night; yesterday evening
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
mud; (wet) dirt; thief; Android (mobile operating system)
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
to conceive; to become pregnant; to get filled with (e.g. sails filled with wind); to be swollen with; to contain (a contradiction, danger, etc.); to carry (a problem, consequences, etc.)
earth (color, colour); ashen; deathly pale
river; stream; River; the ... river
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
meandering; snaking; zigzagging
while; during; while; although; all; both
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to grow thickly; to be in full leaf; to be rampant; to luxuriate; to be luxurious
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
to become muddy; to become cloudy; to become dull (of a sound, color, etc.); to become indistinct; to become impure (of one's heart, a society, etc.); to be corrupted
water (esp. cool or cold); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
sometimes; occasionally; at times; seasonal; of the season; appropriate (for the season or occasion)
scale (of fish, snake, etc.); serif (on kana or kanji (e.g. in Mincho font))
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
reflection; reverberation; reflex; reflexes
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
market (financial, stock, domestic, etc.); marketplace; exchange; (street) market
trade; buying and selling; trafficking (e.g. of humans, arms, drugs); dealing
misemono; type of Edo- and Meiji-period side show often held outdoors or in small temporarily erected shacks on temple and shrine grounds; show; exhibition; spectacle
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
big snake; (large) serpent
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
jungle; jungle; jungle music
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you