black ships; Western ships that came to Japan between the 16th and 19th centuries, esp. those of the Perry Expedition in 1853; foreign disruptor (of the Japanese market); product, person, etc. arriving from the West and disturbing the Japanese market
long, slender and well-proportioned; smooth, continuous (movement)
kindling; small bits of scrap wood used to fuel a stove
hitting a ball; batting; stroke
flour; meal; powder; dust
to begin (emphatically); to launch; to embark on
(United States of) America; USA; US
Commander-in-Chief; C-in-C
Perry; Peli; Pelly; Perri
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
entrance to a bay; mouth of a bay
congratulation; celebration
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
lintel (esp. one with grooves for sliding doors)
President of the United States of America; US President
official letter (from the Emperor, Prime Minister, etc.); personal message; handwritten letter; autograph letter
to present; to offer; to show; to display; to assume (e.g. a shape)
arrival of ships (from abroad); arrival by ship
principle; aim; purport; gist; instructions; orders
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
island in a pond or river
adjutant; aide; aide-de-camp
captain (Army, U.S. Marine Corps, USAF); lieutenant (Navy); flight lieutenant (RAF, RAAF, RNZAF, etc.)
to deal with (a person); to treat; to deal with (a problem); to handle; to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to deal in
to admonish; to persuade; to warn; to remonstrate
home country; one's own country; suzerain country (from the perspective of the vassal state); colonizing country; country of one's ancestors; this country
order; command; decree; (software) instruction; statement
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
to put in order; to arrange; to get ready; to prepare; to work out (e.g. business deal); to arrange (e.g. marriage)
next (year, spring, etc.); coming; since (last month, etc.); for (20 years, etc.)
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
history of Japan; Japanese history
one turn; spinning around; complete change; reversal; (an) about-face
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
as (X, then Y); with; in accordance with; in proportion to
to narrowly escape (e.g. death); to hang onto (life); (arch.) to ascertain; (arch.) to make definite