indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
educational policies or administration; Bunsei era (1818.4.22-1830.12.10)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
wall iris; roof iris; Iris tectorum; fleur-de-lis
June; sixth month of the lunar calendar
unseasonable weather; fickle weather; bad weather
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
for (e.g. "she dances well for an eight-year old"); considering it's (something or someone)
rare; uncommon; new; novel; fine; nice
hot; warm; passionate; impassioned; on everybody's mind; on the radar
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
mountain (or hill) behind a house, village, etc.; side of a mountain that gets little sunshine; envious; jealous
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
cicada; locust; small-sized pulley
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
break in time; interruption; pause
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be heard; to be audible; to sound (like); to come across (as); to be well known; to be famous
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to parch; to roast; to broil; to scorch
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
grateful; thankful; welcome; appreciated; evoking gratitude
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
face; visage; look; (facial) expression; honor (honour); face; influence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to turn (towards); to face; to head to; to go towards; to allot; to allocate
awning (over a window, doorway, etc.); eaves (of a roof); narrow aisle surrounding the core of a temple building; visor (of a cap); brim; classic Japanese women's low pompadour hairstyle
deep (hole, forest, snow, etc.); dense (e.g. fog); thick (e.g. weeds, woods); close (e.g. relationship); deep (involvement); intense (e.g. longing, flavor); severe
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during