indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
spell; curse; dharani; mantra
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
cane; walking stick; staff; wand