indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
spell; curse; dharani; mantra
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
laboratory; seminar room; professor's office
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
the body; the flesh; the outer man; one's physique
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
arm; skill; efforts; ability
to grow long (e.g. hair, nails); to lengthen; to extend; to reach out; to hold out; to straighten; to smooth out
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
white clothes; white robe; white gown (worn by doctors, chemists, etc.); commoner without rank (in ancient China); layperson
hem; (trouser) cuff; bottom part; bottom edge; foot (of a mountain); tips (of hair)
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
throughout; over a period of ...; over a span of ...
severe; harsh; stringent; rigorous; strict; unfair
period of time (usu. a period of approx. two hours corresponding to one of the signs of the Chinese zodiac); carving; engraving; victory; strictness; cruelty
messenger; police and judicial chief (Heian and Kamakura periods); klesha (polluting thoughts such as greed, hatred and delusion, which result in suffering)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to approach; to draw near; to gather (in one place); to come together; to stop by (while on one's way to another place); to drop by; to grow old
to be exhausted; to be tired out
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
ageing; aging; senile deterioration
measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy
to start work (on); to undertake; to start committing a crime; embarkation; launch
ought to do; have to do; must do; feel obliged to