indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
spell; curse; dharani; mantra
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
giant; great man; Tokyo Giants (baseball team)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
adds force or indicates command
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
cane; walking stick; staff; wand
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
in this way; thus; such; uh...
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result