indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
murder; homicide; manslaughter
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
stairwell; stair hall; staircase
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave (in someone's keeping); to put (in someone's care); to put (someone) in charge of; to leave (a matter) in someone's hands; to lean on; to put one's weight on
hair or fur on the surface of fabric; pile; growth of hair; hairy legs
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to sit down (and refuse to move); to sit-in (in protest)
while; during; while; although; all; both
a line; a streak; one item (in an itemized form); one clause; one matter (affair, event, case, incident); (arch.) the same logic
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
to look up (at); to look up to; to respect; to ask for (e.g. guidance); to seek; to depend on
to clear up; to clear away; to refresh (e.g. spirits); to be cleared (e.g. of a suspicion); to be dispelled; to be banished
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
before one knows; before one becomes aware of; unnoticed; unawares
thick; deep; kind; cordial; abundant
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
to feel anxious; to feel nervous; fluttering down; trickling down (e.g. tears); hanging untidily (of hair); straggling
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to swoop down upon; to fly down; to alight
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
powder snow; powdery snow
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to form; to shape; to make; to mold; to mould; to build up
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
form; shape; state; condition; letter; correspondence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ten; 10; ten years of age
metre; meter; meter; gauge