first of all; in the first place; to begin with; for starters
grandfather; old man; kyogen mask used for the role of an old man
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
violence; assault; rough (e.g. handling); reckless; rape; sexual assault
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
difficult to ...; hard to ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
noon; midday; daytime; lunch
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hopeless; futile; no use; beyond help; cannot be done
matter; thing; affair; circumstance
to close one's eyes; to lower one's eyelids; to shut one's eyes; to die; to breathe one's last
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stop up; to close up; to stand in the way; to obstruct; to occupy; to fill up
pretending not to recognize (recognise); feigned ignorance
to take for granted; to assume; to pretend (to be); to pose (as); to go through with (what one decided to do); to persist in doing
by the way; incidentally; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how)
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that...
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
reality; actuality; hard fact
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
silence (not speaking); muteness