illustration appearing in the first pages of a publication; frontispiece
text (of a book, document, etc.); body (of a letter); this passage; this sentence
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to heal; to cure; to satisfy (e.g. hunger, thirst); to alleviate (e.g. sorrow, fatigue)
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
school festival; cultural festival; annual open day school event showcasing student talent
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
bursting out (laughter); breaking out (applause); in a rush; in a surge; suddenly; all of a sudden
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
noon; midday; daytime; lunch
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
period of time; time slot; time zone
sleepy; drowsy; somnolent
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to rub; to scrub; to scrape
while; even though; despite
to straighten up; to sit upright
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's