indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
name; given name; first name
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
congratulations; felicitations; best wishes; longevity; long life
next (year, spring, etc.); coming; since (last month, etc.); for (20 years, etc.)
relief; reassurance; recognition of right to land ownership (by the shogunate, a feudal lord, etc.); (arch.) living safely surrounded by walls
family name; lineage; birth; clan
origin; source; history; originally; from the start; by nature
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
neighbourhood; neighborhood
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
fellow; mutual; companion; comrade
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
intimate friend; close friend; bosom buddy; chum
primary school; elementary school; grade school
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
together; at the same time; same; identical
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
senior high school; high school
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
stinking; smelly; suspicious; fishy; clumsy; unskilled
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
fate; destiny; predestination