industry; (arch.) livelihood; (arch.) occupation
modernization; modernisation
being concentrated on one thing; devoting oneself completely to something
whole family; entire family; all over the house; throughout the house; retainer of a daimyo; feudal domain
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
in comparison to; rather than
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
neighbouring country; neighboring country; adjacent country
to envy; to be envious of; to be jealous of
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member
body; oneself; one's place; one's position; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
famous; noted; renowned; celebrated; well-known
suddenly (rising to fame, etc.); instantly; immediately; one bound; one leap
full of vigor and vitality (like the rising sun) (vigour); being in the ascendant
force; vigor; influence; authority; impetus; momentum
barony of the first degree; influential feudal clan
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
to take the name of; to call oneself; to pretend; to feign; to purport
hasty; rash; rushed; hurried; impatient; impetuous
flow (of a fluid or gas); stream; flow (of people, things); passage (of time); course (of events); (step-by-step) procedure; group of people who remain together after the end of an event
regarding; in; to; towards; with regards to
reaction; recoil; kick; backlash
magical powers; supernatural powers; spell; charm
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
learning; acquisition (of a skill, knowledge, etc.)
discontent; dissatisfaction; complaint; grievance
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
imperial loyalist samurai of the Bakumatsu-era; patriots; idealists willing to sacrifice themselves for the good of the nation
to hate the very sight of; to hold a grudge against; to treat like an enemy; to bear constant enmity; to be gunning for; to have it in for
the West; the Occident; Western countries
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
to harvest; to reap; to take in; to gather in; to adopt (e.g. idea); to accept (e.g. advice)
civilization; civilisation; enlightenment
clique; group; (political) faction; wing; school; sect
feudal retainer or warrior
hands and feet; limbs; person at one's beck and call; person at hand; reliable worker
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate