ancient city; former capital
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
feather; plume; wing; shuttlecock (in badminton)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
only; merely; but; no more than
time; hour; season; time of the year
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to employ; to hire; to charter
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to swing; to wield (physically); to exercise (e.g. power, ability); to exhibit; to flourish; to prosper
blade; sword; forged blade; wavy pattern on forged blades; sharpness; unhulled rice
to dodge; to evade; to avoid; to sidestep
one long cylindrical thing; one film, TV show, etc.; one version; one book; a certain book; ippon; one point
to stab; to stick; to pierce; to thrust
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to kill; to choke the life out of
premeditated murder; deliberate murder; willful murder; wilful murder
centre; center; pivot; central nervous system
inside of a castle; area surrounded by castle walls
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
strategy; stratagem; trick; scheme; plot
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
dispute; strife; quarrel; dissension; conflict; rivalry
to clamour; to crowd; to jostle
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
surroundings; environs; circumference
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)