indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
lotus flower; Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus); china spoon; lotus-shaped pedestal for a gravestone
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
school building; schoolhouse
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
hot spring; onsen; hot spring resort; hot spring spa
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
spear; lance; javelin; lance; (arch.) jeering
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
while; during; while; although; all; both
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back