indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Carlisle (Britain); Carlyle; Carlile
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Griffith (Australia); Griffis; Griffiths
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
now; the present time; just now; another; more
follower; attendant; valet; servant
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to