indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
craftsman; artisan; workman; carpenter
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
assistance; help; helper; babe; chick; broad
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
storeroom (attached to a house); Imperial warehouse
honorific/polite/humble prefix
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
ronin; masterless samurai; high school graduate waiting for another chance to enter university after having failed the yearly entrance examination; person out of work; jobless person; (arch.) wanderer
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do