I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
grandmother; old woman; female senior citizen
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
flashiness; showiness; brilliance; bloom; flowers
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
person's origin (e.g. city, country, parentage, school)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
story; tale; talk; discussion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
skillful; skilled; proficient; flattery
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
your; indicates high rank or status; indicates love and respect (usu. for an older person)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
of course; certainly; naturally
family a woman has married into
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to marry (of a woman); to become a bride; to marry into (a family); (arch.) to have sexual intercourse
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
study; diligence; discount; reduction
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to speak; to tell; to talk
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
foreign country; other country; another province; strange land; alien land
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
mechanism; machinery; trick; dodge; mechanical doll; string puppet
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...